Fig. 1

PV loops under various t-MCS conditions for the treatment of cardiogenic shock. Illustrations of PV loops in cardiogenic shock or cardiogenic shock with several MCS support conditions. A In cardiogenic shock, acute decrease of Ees shifts the PV loop rightward and reduces the stroke volume and LV pressure. B–H PV loops under various support conditions: IABP, VA-ECMO, VA-ECMO + IABP, Impella partial support, Impella total support, ECPELLA total support, and ECPELLA total unloading. PV loop pressure–volume loop, t-MCS temporary mechanical circulatory support, CGS cardiogenic shock, IABP intra-aortic balloon pump, VA-ECMO venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECPELLA VA-ECMO + Impella, Ea effective arterial elastance, Ees end-systolic elastance, SV stroke volume, PVA pressure‒volume area, EDP end-diastolic pressure, EDPVR end-diastolic pressure‒volume relation, ESPVR end-systolic pressure‒volume relation