Table 1 Characteristics of the enrolled critically ill patients divided by overall mortality
Variables | All (n = 5709) | Survivors (n = 2954) | Non-survivors (n = 2755) | p valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Basic characteristics | ||||
 Age, years | 67.8 ± 15.8 | 65.4 ± 16.3 | 70.4 ± 14.9 |  < 0.001 |
 Sex (male) | 3645 (63.9%) | 1815 ( 61.4%) | 1830 (66.4%) |  < 0.001 |
 Body mass index | 24.1 ± 5.0 | 24.7 ± 5.0 | 23.5 ± 5.0 |  < 0.001 |
 Charlson Comorbidity Index | 3.8 ± 2.6 | 3.0 ± 2.3 | 4.50 ± 2.7 |  < 0.001 |
 Follow-up duration, years | 1.9 ± 2.0 | 3.4 ± 1.7 | 0.2 ± 0.3 |  < 0.001 |
Etiology for ICU admission | ||||
 Acute respiratory failure | 2469 (43.2%) | 1183 (40.1%) | 1286 (46.7%) |  < 0.001 |
 Pneumonia | 658 (11.5%) | 287 (9.7%) | 371 (13.5%) |  < 0.001 |
 Sepsis (non-pneumonia) | 562 (9.8%) | 252 (8.5%) | 310 (11.3%) | 0.001 |
 Acute cardiac conditions | 178 (3.1%) | 109 (3.7%) | 69 (2.5%) | 0.012 |
 Acute neurological conditions | 558 (9.8%) | 328 (11.1%) | 230 (8.4%) | 0.001 |
 Acute renal conditions | 224 (3.9%) | 115 (3.9%) | 109 (4.0%) | 0.956 |
 Acute GI condition | 287 (5.0%) | 133 (4.8%) | 154 (5.4%) | 0.069 |
 Post-PCI | 45 (0.8%) | 30 (1.0%) | 15 (0.5%) | 0.063 |
 Cardiac arrest (IHCA + OHCA) | 68 (1.2%) | 29 (1.0%) | 39 (1.4%) | 0.165 |
 Others | 732 (11.6%) | 380 (12.9%) | 352 (12.8%) | 0.953 |
Severity and managements | ||||
 APACHE II score | 26.4 ± 6.6 | 24.7 ± 6.5 | 28.0 ± 6.2 |  < 0.001 |
 SOFA score, day-1 | 8.5 ± 3.6 | 7.8 ± 3.4 | 9.3 ± 3.6 |  < 0.001 |
 SOFA score, day-3 | 7.5 ± 3.9 | 6.3 ± 3.3 | 8.6 ± 4.0 |  < 0.001 |
 SOFA score, day-7 | 6.7 ± 3.8 | 5.2 ± 2.8 | 7.9 ± 4.1 |  < 0.001 |
Laboratory data | ||||
 White blood cell count (count/μl) | 11,455 ± 9849 | 10,720 ± 5794 | 12,240 ± 12,790 |  < 0.001 |
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 10.0 ± 2.0 | 10.5 ± 2.0 | 9.6 ± 1.8 |  < 0.001 |
 Platelet (103/μL) | 174.9 ± 109.2 | 198.0 ± 105.2 | 150.3 ± 108.0 |  < 0.001 |
 Creatinine (mg/dL) | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 1.9 ± 2.4 | 2.2 ± 2.0 |  < 0.001 |
 Lactate (mg/dL) | 17.0 ± 18.3 | 13.7 ± 9.2 | 20.3 ± 23.8 |  < 0.001 |
Ventilatory data | ||||
 Ventilator days | 10.1 ± 9.8 | 7.8 ± 8.5 | 12.6 ± 10.6 |  < 0.001 |
 FIO2 (%) | 50.7 ± 21.2 | 48.9 ± 20.2 | 52.4 ± 22.0 |  < 0.001 |
 PaO2: FIO2 ratio | 270.8 ± 183.9 | 277.2 ± 191.2 | 264.0 ± 175.7 | 0.018 |
 PEEP (cmH2O) | 7.9 ± 4.6 | 7.6 ± 4.2 | 8.2 ± 4.9 |  < 0.001 |
 Ppeak, (cmH2O) | 26.4 ± 6.6 | 25.8 ± 6.5 | 27.1 ± 6.6 |  < 0.001 |
 Pmean, (cmH2O) | 14.3 ± 4.9 | 13.8 ± 4.5 | 14.8 ± 5.2 |  < 0.001 |
 VT (L) | 0.57 ± 0.16 | 0.58 ± 0.16 | 0.56 ± 0.16 |  < 0.001 |
 Minute ventilation (L) | 10.7 ± 3.2 | 10.7 ± 3.1 | 10.8 ± 3.2 | 0.735 |
 PaO2 (mmHg) | 163.1 ± 101.5 | 163.0 ± 104.0 | 163.1 ± 100.2 | 0.988 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg) | 39.5 ± 13.4 | 39.8 ± 13.1 | 39.3 ± 13.7 | 0.197 |
 HCO3− (mmol/l) | 22.3 ± 6.3 | 22.4 ± 5.9 | 22.3 ± 6.6 | 0.356 |
Use of NMBAs | ||||
 None | 4409 (77.2%) | 2332 (78.9%) | 2077 (75.4%) |  < 0.001 |
 Use, equal or less than 48 h | 765 (13.4%) | 394 (13.3%) | 371 (13.5%) |  |
 Use, longer than 48 h | 535 (9.37%) | 228 (7.8%) | 307 (11.1%) |  |
Outcomes | ||||
 ICU-stay, days | 12.7 ± 10.0 | 10.7 ± 8.6 | 14.8 ± 10.9 |  < 0.001 |
 Hospital-stay, days | 28.3 ± 24.2 | 26.5 ± 24.2 | 30.3 ± 24.0 | 0.002 |