Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline in the primary cohort
Variables | Total (n = 688) | Non-MDRO (n = 579) | MDRO (n = 109) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 65.50 (53.00–74.00) | 66.00 (52.00–74.00) | 65.00 (55.00–74.50) | 0.837 |
Sex, male, n (%) | 429 (62.35) | 360 (62.2) | 69 (63.3) | 0.824 |
Length of hospitalization (days) | 19.00 (11.00–29.00) | 16.00 (10.00–26.00) | 32.00 (24.00–52.00) | < 0.001 |
Length of ICU stay (days) | 9.00 (5.00–16.00) | 8.00 (5.00–13.00) | 19.00 (11.00–30.00) | < 0.001 |
Long-term bed rest, n (%) | 361 (52.5) | 263 (45.40) | 98 (89.90) | < 0.001 |
Chemoradiotherapy, n (%) | 36 (5.2) | 26 (4.50) | 10 (9.20) | 0.044 |
ICU hospitalization history, n (%) | 139 (20.2) | 96 (16.6) | 43 (39.4) | < 0.001 |
Antibiotics use before ICU, n (%) | 212 (30.8) | 141 (24.4) | 71 (65.1) | < 0.001 |
Invasive operation before ICU, n (%) | 141 (20.5) | 87 (15.0) | 54 (49.5) | < 0.001 |
APACHE II score | 17.00 (12.00–21.00) | 16.00 (12.00–21.00) | 21.00 (16.00–26.00) | < 0.001 |
GCS score | 14.00 (10.00–15.00) | 15.00 (10.50–15.00) | 12.00 (6.00–15.00) | < 0.001 |
NRS-2002 score | 3.00 (3.00–4.00) | 3.00 (3.00–4.00) | 4.00 (3.00–5.00) | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index | 23.88 (21.48–26.44) | 23.88 (21.30–26.42) | 24.22 (21.97–26.66) | 0.505 |
Diabetes, n (%) | 186 (27.0) | 157 (27.1) | 29 (26.6) | 0.912 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 299 (43.5) | 242 (41.8) | 57 (52.3) | 0.043 |
Hypoproteinemia, n (%) | 26 (3.8) | 13 (2.2) | 13 (11.9) | < 0.001 |
Tumor, n (%) | 146 (21.2) | 124 (21.4) | 22 (20.2) | 0.773 |
Cerebrovascular disease, n (%) | 125 (18.2) | 98 (16.9) | 27 (24.8) | 0.051 |
Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 158 (23.0) | 127 (21.9) | 31 (28.4) | 0.138 |
Chronic lung disease | 85 (12.4) | 52 (9.0) | 33 (30.3) | < 0.001 |
Liver disease, n (%) | 35 (5.1) | 28 (4.8) | 7 (6.4) | 0.489 |
Renal disease, n (%) | 53 (7.7) | 41 (7.1) | 12 (11.0) | 0.158 |
Hematological disease, n (%) | 14 (2.0) | 12 (2.1) | 2 (1.8) | 1.000 |
Lymphoma, n (%) | 2 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1.00 |
Rheumatic disease, n (%) | 10 (1.5) | 9 (1.6) | 1 (0.9) | 0.941 |
Other diseases, n (%) | 22 (3.2) | 19 (3.3) | 3 (2.8) | 1.000 |
Albumin (g/L) | 31.00(27.78–34.40) | 31.10(27.80–34.55) | 30.30(27.70–33.85) | 0.306 |
Prealbumin (mg/L) | 137.50(89.00–189.23) | 136.00 (88.00–188.70) | 141.40 (100.95–195.75) | 0.295 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 39.11 (9.13–122.64) | 39.11 (8.70–125.28) | 42.71 (14.43–117.63) | 0.503 |
Procalcitonin (ng/ml) | 0.40 (0.11–2.84) | 0.41 (0.10–2.83) | 0.40 (0.12–2.83) | 0.823 |
White blood cell (109/L) | 11.21 (8.00–14.79) | 11.33 (7.89–14.80) | 10.72 (8.30–14.62) | 0.695 |
Creatinine (μmol/L) | 84.05 (63.00–123.10) | 83.90 (63.12–122.70) | 87.80 (63.00–125.00) | 0.67 |
BUN (mmol/L) | 7.60 (5.02–12.16) | 7.32 (4.90–11.71) | 8.50 (6.28–12.74) | 0.045 |
Number of previous operations | 1.00 (0.00–2.00) | 1.00 (0.00–1.50) | 1.00 (0.00–2.00) | 0.385 |
Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 456 (66.3) | 367 (63.4) | 89 (81.7) | < 0.001 |
Time for mechanical ventilation (days) | 3.00 (0.00–10.00) | 3.00 (0.00–8.00) | 10.00 (2.00–18.00) | < 0.001 |
Central venous catheter, n (%) | 370 (53.8) | 305 (52.7) | 65 (59.6) | 0.181 |
Time for central venous catheter (days) | 2.50 (0.00–7.00) | 2.00 (0.00–6.00) | 4.00 (0.00–11.00) | 0.007 |
PICC, n (%) | 72 (10.5) | 51 (8.8) | 21 (19.3) | 0.001 |
Time for PICC (days) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.001 |
ECMO, n (%) | 13 (1.9) | 10 (1.7) | 3 (2.8) | 0.736 |
Time for ECMO (days) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.461 |
Gastrointestinal decompression, n (%) | 171 (24.9) | 138 (23.8) | 33 (30.3) | 0.153 |
Time for gastrointestinal decompression (days) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–3.00) | 0.045 |
Dialysis, n (%) | 48 (7.0) | 35 (6.0) | 13 (11.9) | 0.027 |
Time for Dialysis (days) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–3.00) | 0.021 |
Catheter, n (%) | 631 (91.7) | 530 (91.5) | 101 (92.7) | 0.696 |
Time for catheter (days) | 7.00 (4.00–13.00) | 6.00 (3.00–11.00) | 12.00 (7.00–18.00) | < 0.001 |
Number of other tubes | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.00 (0.00–1.00) | 0.013 |
Time for other tubes (days) | 0.00 (0.00–4.25) | 0.00 (0.00–4.00) | 0.00 (0.00–9.00) | 0.001 |
Hormone, n (%) | 199 (28.9) | 146 (25.2) | 53 (48.6) | < 0.001 |
Enteral nutrition, n (%) | 402 (58.4) | 315 (54.4) | 87 (79.8) | < 0.001 |
Time for enteral nutrition (days) | 3.00 (0.00–10.00) | 2.00 (0.00–8.00) | 10.00 (2.00–17.00) | < 0.001 |
Parenteral nutrition, n (%) | 390 (56.7) | 328 (56.6) | 62 (56.9) | 0.964 |
Time for parenteral nutrition (days) | 2.00 (0.00–5.00) | 2.00 (0.00–5.00) | 3.00 (0.00–8.00) | 0.217 |
Carbapenem antibiotics use, n (%) | 217 (31.5) | 165 (28.5) | 52 (47.7) | < 0.001 |
Third-generation cephalosporin antibiotics use, n (%) | 131 (19.0) | 113 (19.5) | 18 (16.5) | 0.464 |
Quantity of antibiotics (categories) | 1.00(1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–2.00) | < 0.001 |
Time for using antibiotics (days) | 8.00 (4.00–13.00) | 7.00 (4.00–12.00) | 12.00 (8.00–18.00) | < 0.001 |
Time for antibiotics combination (days) | 0.00 (0.00–3.00) | 0.00 (0.00–2.00) | 2.00 (0.00–10.00) | < 0.001 |
Level of operation, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.418 |
 Level 1 | 7 (1.0) | 6 (1.0) | 1 (0.9) |  |
 Level 2 | 23 (3.3) | 20 (3.5) | 3 (2.8) |  |
 Level 3 | 112 (16.3) | 94 (16.2) | 18 (16.5) |  |
 Level 4 | 194 (28.2) | 171 (29.5) | 23 (21.1) |  |
Classification of incision, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.103 |
 I | 173 (25.1) | 150 (25.9) | 23 (21.1) |  |
 II | 103 (15.0) | 93 (16.1) | 10 (9.2) |  |
 III | 17 (2.5) | 13 (2.2) | 4 (3.7) |  |
Healing of the incision, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.006 |
 A | 287 (41.7) | 253 (43.70) | 34 (31.20) |  |
 B | 5 (0.7) | 2 (0.30) | 3 (2.80) |  |
 C | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.20) | 0 (0.00) |  |