Long-term prognostic significance of gasping in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients undergoing extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a post hoc analysis of a multi-center prospective cohort study

Table 2 Logistic regression analysis of prognostic factors for favorable neurological outcomes in ECPR patients

Variables	Unadjusted OR (95% CI)	p value	Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p value
	n = 212		n = 207*
Age (years)	0.95 (0.91–0.99)	0.006	0.93 (0.89–0.97)	0.002
Female sex	4.95 (1.54–15.87)	0.007
witnessed cardiac arrest	1.25 (0.39–3.97)	0.707
Bystander CPR attempt
Yes	3.50 (1.10–11.10)	0.034
No	1.00 (Ref.)	0.030
Unknown	25.00 (1.31–475.97)	0.032
Occurrence of cardiac arrest during EMS activity	1.84 (0.21–16.21)	0.582
Epinephrine administration before hospital arrival
Yes	1.59 (0.58–4.36)	0.367
No	1.00 (Ref.)	0.642
Unknown	1.75 (0.19–16.05)	0.621
ROSC during transportation
Yes	0.25 (0.03–1.95)	0.186	0.17 (0.02–1.74)	0.135
No	1.00 (Ref.)	0.240	1.00 (Ref.)	0.041
Unknown	2.16 (0.43–10.95)	0.351	8.13 (1.02–64.67)	0.048
Time from cardiac arrest to admission	0.96 (0.92–1.01)	0.104
Cardiac rhythm at admission
VF of pulseless VT	1.00 (Ref.)	0.372
PEA	0.34 (0.07–1.53)	0.160
Asystole	0.00 (0.00-)	0.997
Epinephrine administration after hospital arrival
Yes	1.31 (0.36–4.74)	0.683
No	1.00 (Ref.)	0.920
Unknown	0.00 (0.00-)	1.000
Gasping during resuscitation	6.90 (2.50–19.02)	< 0.001	10.58 (3.22–34.74)	< 0.001
Therapeutic temperature management
Yes	1.00 (Ref.)	1.000	1.00 (Ref.)	1.000
No	0.00 (0.00–)	0.997	0.00 (0.00–)	0.997
Unknown	0.00 (0.00–)	1.000	0.00 (0.00–)	1.000
Intra-aortic balloon pumping
Yes	1.99 (0.44–9.02)	0.374
No	1.00 (Ref.)	0.673
Unknown	0.00 (0.00–)	0.999
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Yes	0.66 (0.24–1.80)	0.414
No	1.00 (Ref.)	0.486
Unknown	2.30 (0.23–22.63)	0.475
Time from admission to ECMO pump on^a	0.98 (0.95–1.03)	0.436

Multivariate logistic analysis by replacing the variable "Therapeutic temperature management" with "Bystander CPR attempt" were also performed. The statistical significance of "Gasping during resuscitation" was similar. The result is shown in Additional file 10
ECPR extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation, OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, EMS emergency medical service, ROSC return of spontaneous circulation, VF ventricular fibrillation, VT ventricular tachycardia, PEA pulseless electrical activity, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, Ref. reference
^aFive data points were missing from admission to ECMO pump onset; thus, the multivariate analysis included 207 participants

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