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Table 2 Univariable and multivariable logistic regression of factors associated with intubation within 48 h of critically ill patients in the emergency department

From: Ultrasonographic evaluation of the diaphragm in critically ill patients to predict invasive mechanical ventilation

Variable

Odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

p value

Sex, male

1.50 (0.94–2.38)

0.091

1.50 (0.77–2.94)

0.237

Hypotension (SBP ≤ 90 or MAP ≤ 65 mmHg)

1.13 (0.57–2.25)

0.731

0.61 (0.21–1.75)

0.362

Respiratory rate > 30 per minute, n (%)

1.56 (0.920–2.65)

0.099

1.05 (0.56–2.26)

0.892

Glasgow Coma Scale score < 15

2.90 (1.70–4.95)

 < 0.001

1.63 (0.72–3.66)

0.236

pH < 7.30

4.91 (2.31–10.42)

 < 0.001

3.79 (1.36–10.57)

0.011

PF ratio < 200

0.76 (0.30–1.92)

0.565

0.26 (0.07–0.96)

0.044

Bicarbonate

0.94 (0.89–0.98)

0.007

0.99 (0.92–1.06)

0.678

Blood lactate ≥ 4 mmol/L

2.32 (1.19–4.50)

0.013

2.01 (0.72–5.61)

0.182

SOFA score

1.17 (1.06–1.29)

0.002

1.06 (0.88–1.29)

0.528

Non-invasive respiratory support

1.88 (1.11–3.20)

0.020

2.02 (0.93–4.33)

0.073

Final diagnosis

    

 Respiratory infection

2.21 (1.38–3.53)

0.001

2.31 (1.12–4.77)

0.024

 Sepsis

3.60 (2.21–5.86)

 < 0.001

2.37 (1.07–5.25)

0.033

 Cardiogenic pulmonary edema

0.55 (0.32–0.97)

0.036

1.02 (0.46–2.26)

0.963

 COVID-19 pneumonia

2.05 (0.99–4.23)

0.053

1.70 (0.59–4.91)

0.324

 Diaphragmatic excursion (increase per 0.1 cm)

0.08 (0.05–0.16)

 < 0.001

0.08 (0.04–0.17)

 < 0.001

  1. BMI body mass index, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, MAP mean arterial pressure, PaCO2 partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide, PaO2 partial pressure of arterial oxygen, PF ratio ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen to inspired oxygen fraction, SBP systolic blood pressure, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SpO2 blood oxygen saturation level