Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients
Characteristic | All (N = 235) | Survivors (N = 197) | Nonsurvivors (N = 38) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y)† | 56.0 ± 15.6 | 53.9 ± 15.2 | 67.1 ± 13.1 | 0.000 |
Gender | 0.011 | |||
Male▼ | 129 (54.9%) | 101 (51.3%) | 28 (73.7%) | |
Female▼ | 106 (45.1%) | 96 (48.7%) | 10 (26.3%) | |
Race | 0.804 | |||
African-American▼ | 73 (31.1%) | 60 (30.5%) | 13 (34.2%) | |
Caucasian▼ | 43 (18.3%) | 38 (19.3%) | 5 (13.1%) | |
Hispanic▼ | 104 (44.2%) | 86 (43.6%) | 18 (47.4%) | |
Other▼ | 15 (6.4%) | 13 (6.6%) | 2 (5.3%) | |
Comorbidities | ||||
Hypertension▼ | 119 (50.3%) | 85 (43.1%) | 34 (89.5%) | 0.000 |
Diabetes mellitus▼ | 89 (37.9%) | 62 (31.5%) | 27 (71.1%) | 0.000 |
COPD▼ | 80 (34.0%) | 56 (28.4%) | 24 (63.2%) | 0.000 |
CKD▼ | 63 (26.8%) | 38 (19.3%) | 25 (65.8%) | 0.000 |
ESRD▼ | 14 (6.0%) | 11 (5.6%) | 3 (7.9%) | 0.582 |
PaO2 (Torr) ‡ | 76.0 (64.0–88.0) | 77.0 (65.0–88.0) | 70.5 (62.2–86.0) | 0.216 |
PaCo2 (Torr) ‡ | 38.0 (35.0–41.0) | 38.0 (35.0–41.0) | 35.5 (33.0–40.2) | 0.131 |
FiO2 (%) ‡ | 33.0 (28.0–40.0) | 32.0 (28.0–40.0) | 50.0 (40.0–100.0) | 0.000 |
PaO2:FiO2 ‡ | 217.8 (157.5–275.0) | 230.3 (171.1–285.7) | 140.1 (70.2–215.6) | 0.000 |
Mild (≥ 200)▼ | 132 (56.2%) | 121 (61.4%) | 11 (29.0%) | |
Moderate (100–200)▼ | 67 (28.5%) | 57 (28.9%) | 10 (26.3%) | |
Severe (< 100)▼ | 36 (15.3%) | 19 (9.7%) | 17 (44.7%) | |
Oxygen delivery device | 0.000 | |||
Room air▼ | 19 (8.1%) | 19 (9.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
Nasal cannula▼ | 110 (46.8%) | 101 (51.3%) | 9 (23.7%) | |
HFNC▼ | 81 (34.5%) | 62 (31.5%) | 19 (50%) | |
BiPAP/CPAP▼ | 13 (5.5%) | 9 (4.6%) | 4 (10.5%) | |
Non-rebreather mask▼ | 4 (1.7%) | 3 (1.5%) | 1 (2.6%) | |
Endotracheal tube▼ | 8 (3.4%) | 3 (1.5%) | 5 (13.2%) | |
Onset of symptoms to hospitalization (days)‡ | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 7.0 (5.0–10.0) | 10.0 (6.5–14.0) | 0.003 |
Hospital length of stay (days)‡ | 10.0 (7.0–15.0) | 9.0 (6.5–14.0) | 12.0 (7.0–19.0) | 0.045 |
AKI during hospitalization▼ | 59 (25.1%) | 27 (13.7%) | 32 (84.2%) | 0.000 |
Ichikado CT score‡ | 146.7 (121.7–188.3) | 138.3 (119.2–165.8) | 215.8 (179.6–240.0) | 0.000 |
A–a gradient (Torr)‡ | 119.7 (81.1–181.2) | 109.3 (73.6–161.1) | 235.7 (134.3–562.6) | 0.000 |
SOFA score‡ | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 3.0 (2.0–4.0) | 4.0 (3.0–5.0) | 0.000 |
Absolute neutrophil count × 109/L‡ | 4.8 (3.4–7.4) | 4.7 (3.3–6.5) | 6.7 (3.6–10.7) | 0.005 |
Absolute lymphocyte count × 109/L‡ | 1.1 (0.7–1.7) | 1.2 (0.8–1.7) | 0.7 (0.6–1.0) | 0.000 |
NLR‡ | 4.3 (2.7–8.3) | 3.7 (2.5–6.9) | 9.4 (5.9–13.3) | 0.000 |
Treatment modalities | ||||
Corticosteroids▼ | 235 (100%) | 197 (100%) | 38 (100%) | – |
Ascorbic acid▼ | 235 (100%) | 197 (100%) | 38 (100%) | – |
Thiamine▼ | 235 (100%) | 189 (95.9%) | 38 (100%) | – |
Anticoagulation▼ | 227 (96.6%) | 7 (3.6%) | 38 (100%) | 0.206 |
Tocilizumab▼ | 17 (7.2%) | 7 (3.6%) | 10 (26.3%) | 0.000 |
Remdesivir▼ | 10 (4.3%) | 197 (100%) | 3 (7.9%) | 0.225 |
Prone positioning▼ | 142 (60.4%) | 109 (55.3%) | 33 (86.8%) | 0.000 |
RRT▼ | 31 (13.2%) | 24 (12.2%) | 7 (18.4%) | 0.298 |
Vasopressor use▼ | 53 (22.6%) | 17 (8.6%) | 36 (94.7%) | 0.000 |